General:
* Code
* Cipher
* Jargon
* Slang
* Cant
* Argot
* Private language
* Secret language
* Underground language
More specific:
* Pig Latin: A playful code for children.
* Gibberish: A nonsensical language.
* Sign language: A visual language used by the deaf.
* Street slang: Language used in a specific community.
* Hacker slang: Language used by computer hackers.
* Military code: A highly secret language used by the military.
The best word to use will depend on the specific meaning you want to convey.