1. To separate items in a list:
* Example: I bought apples, oranges, and bananas at the store.
2. To separate independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS):
* Example: I went to the park, and I saw a squirrel.
3. To set off introductory phrases or clauses:
* Example: After a long day, I was ready to relax.
4. To set off non-essential clauses or phrases:
* Example: The dog, who is very friendly, wagged its tail.
5. To separate words or phrases that could be misread without the comma:
* Example: I saw the man, not the woman.
6. To separate contrasting elements:
* Example: I love to eat, but I don't love to cook.
7. To separate direct address:
* Example: John, can you please pass the salt?
8. To separate a series of adjectives modifying a noun:
* Example: The tall, dark, handsome man walked in.
9. To prevent misreading:
* Example: Let's eat, Grandma! (Without the comma, it could be read as "Let's eat Grandma!")
General Principles:
* Use commas sparingly. Too many commas can make your writing sound choppy and confusing.
* Consider the natural flow of your sentence. Commas should help your writing sound clear and easy to read.
* Think about the purpose of the comma. Is it separating items in a list, setting off a phrase, or preventing misreading?
Remember that these are just general guidelines, and there are always exceptions to the rules. It's best to consult a grammar guide for specific rules and examples.