1. Standard Language:
This refers to a variety of a language that is considered the official or prestigious form. It is often associated with:
* Prescriptive Grammar: This involves rules and guidelines for "correct" usage, often based on written language and historical usage.
* Formal Usage: It's typically used in writing, official documents, and formal speech settings.
* Education and Media: It is taught in schools and often used in mass media.
Examples:
* Standard English: This is the variety of English used in formal settings and is taught in schools in English-speaking countries.
* Standard French: This is the variety of French spoken and written in Paris and used in formal settings across France.
2. Standard Dialect:
This refers to a regional or social dialect that is widely recognized and often considered "correct" or "proper" within a particular region or community.
Examples:
* General American English: This is a dialect of English widely spoken in the United States and often considered the standard pronunciation.
* Standard Southern American English: This is a dialect of English spoken in the Southern United States and has its own unique features.
3. Standard of Speech:
This refers to the general level of formality and clarity of speech in a particular situation. For example, a person may be expected to speak in a more formal and clear manner in a business meeting compared to a casual conversation with friends.
4. Standard of Writing:
This refers to the general style and clarity of writing. It is influenced by factors such as genre, purpose, and target audience.
It's important to note that:
* "Standard" is a social construct and is not inherently superior to other varieties of a language.
* Language is constantly evolving, and what is considered "standard" may change over time.
* There is often a tension between prescriptive grammar and the natural evolution of language.
Ultimately, the meaning of "standard" in linguistics depends on the specific context and the perspective being considered.