1. Spelling Changes:
* Adding -s, -es, -ies: These suffixes often change the spelling of the base word, especially if it ends in a consonant. For example:
* *cat + s = cats*
* *box + es = boxes*
* *baby + ies = babies*
* Adding -ed, -ing: These suffixes can also cause spelling changes.
* *jump + ed = jumped* (double the final consonant)
* *run + ing = running* (double the final consonant)
* *cry + ing = crying* (no change)
* Adding -er, -est: These suffixes often cause a change in the final consonant, especially if the base word ends in -y.
* *happy + er = happier* (change -y to -i)
* *big + est = biggest* (no change)
2. Pronunciation Changes:
* Adding -s, -es, -ies, -ed, -ing: These suffixes can change the pronunciation of the base word.
* *cat + s = /kæts/* (the 's' sound is added)
* *jump + ed = /dʒʌmpt/* (the 't' sound is added)
* *run + ing = /rʌnɪŋ/* (the 'ing' sound is added)
* Adding -er, -est: These suffixes can also cause a change in the pronunciation of the base word.
* *happy + er = /ˈhæpiər/* (the 'er' sound is added)
* *big + est = /ˈbɪɡɪst/* (the 'est' sound is added)
3. Meaning Changes:
* Suffixes: These suffixes typically add a specific meaning to the base word.
* *-s, -es, -ies*: Plural (more than one)
* * -ed*: Past tense
* * -ing*: Present participle (action in progress)
* * -er*: Comparative (more than something else)
* * -est*: Superlative (most)
* Consonants: Consonants added to the end of a word often change the pronunciation and can also change the meaning depending on the context.
Example:
* Base word: run
* run + s = runs (plural)
* run + ing = running (present participle)
* run + er = runner (someone who runs)
* run + ed = ran (past tense)
Remember:
* The specific changes that occur will depend on the particular base word, suffix, and consonant.
* There are exceptions to the rules, and you will need to consult a dictionary or grammar guide for clarification.
Let me know if you want to look at a specific example!