1. Near, close to, or at:
* By the river: Meaning close to the river.
* By the way: Meaning near the way or route.
* By the book: Meaning following the rules exactly, like a book of instructions.
2. Through, by means of, or using:
* By car: Meaning traveling via car.
* By hand: Meaning done manually, using one's hands.
* By accident: Meaning something happened unintentionally.
3. Beside, near, or alongside:
* By my side: Meaning next to me.
* By the window: Meaning next to the window.
4. In the amount of, or at the rate of:
* By the hour: Meaning being paid per hour.
* By the pound: Meaning sold in units of pounds.
5. As a result of, or due to:
* By far: Meaning significantly, overwhelmingly.
* By chance: Meaning happening coincidentally.
The specific meaning of "by" is usually determined by the surrounding words and the context of the sentence.