"Wow, that incredibly fast runner, who is always smiling, just ran a really great race!"
Noun: Wow, runner, who, race
Pronoun: that, who, just
Verb: is, smiling, ran
Adjective: incredibly, fast, great
Adverb: always, really
Preposition: of (implied in "part of speech")
Conjunction: and (implied in "and other parts of speech")
Interjection: Wow
This sentence includes most major parts of speech, though it's difficult to include determiners (the, a, an) and articles (a, an) without making the sentence awkward.