1. Separating Elements in a Series:
* Example: I like apples, oranges, and bananas.
* Explanation: Commas separate items in a list of three or more.
2. Separating Independent Clauses:
* Example: The dog barked, and the cat hissed.
* Explanation: Commas separate two complete sentences (independent clauses) joined by a coordinating conjunction (like "and," "but," "or," etc.).
3. Setting Off Introductory Phrases and Clauses:
* Example: After the long journey, we were exhausted.
* Explanation: A comma follows an introductory phrase or clause that precedes the main clause.
4. Setting Off Nonessential Clauses and Phrases:
* Example: The book, which was written by a famous author, was a bestseller.
* Explanation: Commas set off clauses or phrases that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
5. Setting Off Appositives:
* Example: My brother, John, is a doctor.
* Explanation: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun. It is set off with commas.
6. Separating Direct Address:
* Example: John, can you please pass the salt?
* Explanation: A comma separates a direct address (a person's name) from the rest of the sentence.
7. Setting Off Interjections:
* Example: Wow, that was amazing!
* Explanation: A comma separates interjections (words or phrases that express emotion) from the rest of the sentence.
8. After a Salutation in a Letter:
* Example: Dear John,
* Explanation: A comma follows the salutation in a formal letter.
9. Before a Conjunction in a Compound Sentence:
* Example: The sky was blue, but the clouds were gray.
* Explanation: In a compound sentence with two independent clauses, a comma precedes the conjunction.
Important Note: The use of commas can be tricky, and there are many specific rules and exceptions. Refer to a style guide or grammar textbook for more detailed information.