Understanding Relative Pronouns
* Relative pronouns connect a dependent clause (a clause that can't stand alone) to a main clause. They act like a bridge, referring to a noun in the main clause and providing additional information.
* Common relative pronouns: *who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when, why*
Punctuation Rules
1. Restrictive Clauses (Essential Information):
- No commas are used.
- This type of clause is necessary to identify the specific noun it modifies.
- Example: "The car *that* is parked in the driveway is mine."
- Removing "that is parked in the driveway" would make the sentence unclear.
2. Nonrestrictive Clauses (Extra Information):
- Commas are used before and after the relative clause.
- This type of clause provides additional information about the noun but isn't essential to identify it.
- Example: "The car, *which* is a bright red convertible, is mine."
- Removing "which is a bright red convertible" still clearly identifies the car.
Example with Both Types:
* "The dog *that* chased the cat is named Spot, *which* is a funny name for such a serious dog."
* "that chased the cat" is restrictive.
* "which is a funny name..." is nonrestrictive.
Important Notes:
* "That" vs. "Which":
- "That" is typically used for restrictive clauses.
- "Which" is typically used for nonrestrictive clauses.
* "Who" vs. "Whom":
- "Who" is used as the subject of the relative clause.
- "Whom" is used as the object of the relative clause.
Key Takeaway
Punctuating relative clauses hinges on whether the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence (restrictive) or simply additional (nonrestrictive). Remember to use commas only for nonrestrictive clauses.