Nouns:
* Common nouns: table, cat, happiness, idea, city
* Proper nouns: John, London, Earth, The Great Wall of China, Christmas
Verbs:
* Action verbs: run, jump, sing, write, eat
* Linking verbs: be, seem, become, appear, feel
Adjectives:
* Descriptive adjectives: red, happy, big, beautiful, noisy
* Quantitative adjectives: two, several, few, many, some
Adverbs:
* Time adverbs: yesterday, tomorrow, now, soon, later
* Place adverbs: here, there, everywhere, nowhere
* Manner adverbs: quickly, slowly, carefully, angrily
Pronouns:
* Personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
* Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
* Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Prepositions:
* Location: in, on, under, over, beside, behind
* Time: before, after, during, since, until
* Direction: to, from, through, towards, across
Conjunctions:
* Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet
* Subordinating conjunctions: because, although, since, while, if, unless
Interjections:
* Exclamations: Wow!, Ouch!, Hey!
* Greetings: Hello!, Goodbye!
Other:
* Articles: a, an, the
* Determiners: this, that, these, those, some, any
* Numbers: one, two, three, four, five...
Examples of words in a sentence:
* The cat sat on the mat. (nouns, verbs, prepositions)
* She quickly ran to the store. (pronoun, adverb, verb, article, noun)
* It is a beautiful day. (pronoun, verb, article, adjective, noun)
This list is not exhaustive, but it should give you a good idea of the types of words that exist in the English language.