Formal:
* Gaelic (this is generally understood to mean Scottish Gaelic unless specified otherwise)
* Scottish (when used as an adjective, it can refer to the language)
* Gàidhlig (the language's name in Gaelic)
Informal:
* The Gaelic language
* The Scottish language
Specific:
* Gaelg (the name for Scottish Gaelic in the Isle of Man)
* Scottish Gaelic language
The best choice depends on the specific situation and the level of formality you require.