1. Word Classes (Vachya)
* Nouns (Sanjna): Words denoting persons, places, things, and concepts (e.g., लड़का, घर, किताब, प्रेम).
* Pronouns (Sarvanām): Words that stand in for nouns (e.g., मैं, तुम, वह).
* Verbs (Kriyā): Words that describe actions, states, or occurrences (e.g., पढ़ना, खाना, सोना).
* Adjectives (Visheshan): Words that describe nouns (e.g., बड़ा, सुंदर, नीला).
* Adverbs (Kriyavisheshan): Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., धीरे, जल्दी, बहुत).
* Prepositions (Sambandh Bodhak): Words that show relationships between nouns or pronouns (e.g., पर, में, से).
* Conjunctions (Sampark Bodhak): Words that join words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., और, लेकिन, क्योंकि).
* Interjections (Vibhakti): Words expressing sudden feelings or emotions (e.g., अरे! वाह! ओह!).
2. Gender (Ling):
Hindi nouns and pronouns are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. This affects agreement with adjectives, verbs, and other grammatical elements.
3. Number (Vachan):
Hindi nouns and pronouns have singular and plural forms.
4. Case (Karak):
Hindi nouns and pronouns have different forms depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. There are seven main cases:
* Nominative (Kartā): Subject of the verb (e.g., लड़का पढ़ता है).
* Accusative (Karman): Direct object of the verb (e.g., लड़का किताब पढ़ता है).
* Instrumental (Karan): Instrument used for an action (e.g., लड़का पेन से लिखता है).
* Dative (Karana): Indirect object (e.g., लड़का अपनी माँ को पत्र लिखता है).
* Ablative (Apādān): Separation or origin (e.g., लड़का घर से निकला).
* Genitive (Sambandh): Possession or belonging (e.g., लड़के का घर).
* Locative (Adhikaran): Location or place (e.g., लड़का घर में है).
5. Tense (Kaal):
Hindi verbs have various tenses indicating the time of the action or state:
* Present (Vartaman Kaal): Describes actions happening now (e.g., मैं पढ़ता हूँ).
* Past (Bhoot Kaal): Describes actions that already happened (e.g., मैं पढ़ता था).
* Future (Bhavishya Kaal): Describes actions that will happen in the future (e.g., मैं पढ़ूँगा).
6. Voice (Vach):
Hindi verbs can be active (Kartāvakach) or passive (Karmavakach), depending on whether the subject performs the action or is acted upon.
7. Mood (Nyās):
Hindi verbs can express different moods, such as:
* Indicative (Nischit Nyās): Expressing a fact or statement.
* Imperative (Adesh Nyās): Expressing a command or request.
* Subjunctive (Sandik Nyās): Expressing a wish, possibility, or doubt.
8. Sentence Structure (Vakya Rachana):
Hindi sentences follow a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. However, there are exceptions and variations depending on the sentence type and emphasis.
9. Sentence Types (Vakya Prakar):
* Declarative (Vidhanatmak): Making a statement (e.g., वह घर गया).
* Interrogative (Prasnatmak): Asking a question (e.g., वह कहाँ गया?).
* Imperative (Adeshātmak): Giving a command or request (e.g., घर जाओ).
* Exclamatory (Vismayanak): Expressing strong emotion (e.g., क्या सुंदर दृश्य है!).
10. Other Notable Features:
* Sandhi (Conjunction): Rules governing how words are combined.
* Samāsa (Compounding): Formation of compound words.
* Prakaran (Suffixes): Word endings that change meaning.
Learning Hindi Grammar:
Mastering Hindi grammar is essential for understanding and speaking the language fluently. There are many resources available, including textbooks, online courses, and language tutors.
* Basic Hindi Grammar: Learn the fundamental principles of Hindi grammar.
* Practice: Engage in regular practice through reading, writing, and speaking exercises.
* Immersion: Surround yourself with the Hindi language through movies, music, and interaction with native speakers.
With consistent effort and dedication, you can acquire a solid understanding of Hindi grammar and unlock the richness and beauty of the language.