General:
* Neoclassical: Relating to a revival of classical styles in art, literature, music, etc., especially in the 17th and 18th centuries.
* Neolithic: Of or relating to the later part of the Stone Age, characterized by the use of polished stone tools.
* Neologism: A newly coined word or expression.
* Neonatal: Relating to newborn infants.
* Neophyte: A person who is new to a subject, skill, or belief.
* Neoplasm: A new growth of tissue, especially a tumor.
* Neo-Nazi: A person who follows the ideology of Nazism.
* Neoliberal: Relating to a modified form of liberalism advocating free-market capitalism.
* Neo-Gothic: A revival of Gothic architecture in the 19th century.
More specific examples:
* Neodymium: A chemical element.
* Neoteny: The retention of juvenile features in adulthood.
* Neoplatonism: A philosophical system based on the ideas of Plato.
* Neorealism: A style of filmmaking that emphasizes realism and naturalism.
* Neoscholasticism: A revival of scholastic philosophy in the 19th century.
* Neotropical: Relating to the tropical regions of the Americas.
* Neo-Darwinism: A modern interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution.
This is not an exhaustive list, but it gives you a good idea of the variety of words that use the prefix "neo-".