Here's a breakdown:
Informal ("tú")
* Used with:
* Family members
* Close friends
* Children
* People younger than you
* People you know well in casual settings
* Characteristics:
* More familiar and casual tone
* Typically used with verbs conjugated in the second person singular (e.g., "hablas" instead of "habla")
* Example: "Hola, tú eres mi amigo." (Hello, you are my friend.)
Formal ("usted")
* Used with:
* Strangers
* People you don't know well
* Professionals (teachers, doctors, etc.)
* People in positions of authority
* People you want to show respect to
* Characteristics:
* More polite and distant tone
* Typically used with verbs conjugated in the third person singular (e.g., "habla" instead of "hablas")
* Often accompanied by titles like "señor," "señora," or "don/doña"
* Example: "Buenos días, usted es muy amable." (Good morning, you are very kind.)
Important notes:
* Regional variations: In some regions of Latin America, like Argentina, "vos" is used as a more informal form of "tú."
* Uncertainty: If you're unsure, it's always safer to use the formal "usted" until you know the person better.
* Respect: Using the correct form shows respect and avoids awkward situations.
Beyond "tú" and "usted":
* "Ustedes" vs. "vosotros": Similar to "tú" vs. "usted," "ustedes" is the formal plural form, while "vosotros" is the informal plural form.
* Context is key: The level of formality can also depend on the specific situation, even with people you know well. For example, a business meeting might require a more formal tone even with colleagues.
By understanding the difference between formal and informal in Spanish, you can communicate more effectively and respectfully.