Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Lexicography: A Tale of Two Dictionaries
The difference between descriptive and prescriptive lexicography lies in their approach to language and their goals:
Descriptive lexicography aims to record and describe the way language is actually used, without judgment. It focuses on:
* Observing and analyzing actual language use: This includes collecting data from various sources like books, newspapers, spoken conversations, and online forums.
* Presenting language objectively: Descriptive dictionaries present all forms of language, including slang, dialects, and informal language, without dictating what is "correct" or "incorrect."
* Documenting the evolution of language: They show how language changes over time, reflecting the dynamic nature of language.
Prescriptive lexicography aims to dictate how language should be used, focusing on:
* Establishing rules and standards: Prescriptive dictionaries set rules for grammar, spelling, and usage, often based on a particular standard or dialect.
* Promoting "correct" language: They typically label certain forms as "correct" and others as "incorrect," often based on subjective judgment.
* Maintaining a perceived sense of order and clarity: Prescriptive dictionaries aim to establish a standardized form of language, often for formal settings like writing and education.
Here's a table summarizing the key differences:
| Feature | Descriptive Lexicography | Prescriptive Lexicography |
|-----------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------|
| Goal | Record and describe language | Dictate how language should be used |
| Focus | Actual language use | Correctness and standards |
| Presentation | Objective | Normative |
| Examples | Oxford English Dictionary | Merriam-Webster's Dictionary |
In essence:
* Descriptive lexicography is like an observer, documenting what they see without passing judgment.
* Prescriptive lexicography is like a teacher, telling you how things should be done.
The role of both types of lexicography is important. Descriptive dictionaries provide valuable insights into language use, while prescriptive dictionaries help maintain standards and promote clarity in communication.