Time
* after: After the rain stopped, we went for a walk.
* before: Before you leave, please close the door.
* when: When I saw him, I was surprised.
* while: While I was cooking, the phone rang.
* since: Since you've been gone, I've missed you.
* until: I'll wait here until you come back.
* as soon as: As soon as I get home, I'm going to take a nap.
Cause and Effect
* because: I'm late because my car broke down.
* since: Since you're here, let's have some coffee.
* so that: I'll take an umbrella so that I don't get wet.
* in order that: I studied hard in order that I could get good grades.
* as: As she was walking, she tripped and fell.
Contrast
* although: Although it was raining, I still went for a walk.
* though: Though I was tired, I went to the party.
* even though: Even though it was cold, I enjoyed the hike.
* whereas: The cat likes to sleep, whereas the dog loves to play.
* while: While the dog likes to play fetch, the cat prefers to nap.
Condition
* if: If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay inside.
* unless: Unless you go to bed early, you'll be tired tomorrow.
* in case: Take an extra sweater in case it gets cold.
* provided that: I'll lend you my car, provided that you drive carefully.
* as long as: As long as you promise to be careful, you can borrow my bike.
Other
* that: I know that you're tired.
* whether: I don't know whether I should go or not.
* where: This is the place where I met my best friend.
* who: The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
* how: I don't know how to do that.
These are just some examples, and there are many other subordinating conjunctions. The best way to learn them is to read and write a lot, and to pay attention to how they are used in different contexts.