Singular:
* This: Refers to a singular noun that is close to the speaker.
* That: Refers to a singular noun that is farther away from the speaker.
Plural:
* These: Refers to plural nouns that are close to the speaker.
* Those: Refers to plural nouns that are farther away from the speaker.
Examples:
* This is my favorite book.
* That car is very expensive.
* These cookies are delicious.
* Those flowers are beautiful.