1. When "formerly" acts as an adjective:
* No comma needed: If "formerly" modifies a noun directly, you don't need a comma.
* Example: "The formerly bustling market is now quiet."
* Comma optional: If "formerly" modifies a noun with additional descriptive words, a comma can be used for clarity.
* Example: "The formerly bustling, vibrant market is now quiet."
2. When "formerly" introduces a phrase:
* Comma needed: If "formerly" introduces a phrase that provides additional information about a noun, you need a comma.
* Example: "The market, formerly bustling, is now quiet."
3. When "formerly" is part of a parenthetical phrase:
* Commas needed: If "formerly" is part of a parenthetical phrase that provides non-essential information, you need commas before and after the phrase.
* Example: "The market, formerly known as 'The Grand Bazaar,' is now quiet."
In summary:
* A comma is generally required after "formerly" if it introduces a phrase or is part of a parenthetical phrase.
* A comma is optional if "formerly" directly modifies a noun with additional descriptive words.
* A comma is not needed if "formerly" directly modifies a noun without additional descriptive words.
Example Sentences:
* No comma: The formerly prosperous town is now struggling.
* Comma optional: The formerly bustling, lively market is now quiet.
* Comma needed: The market, formerly bustling with shoppers, is now quiet.
* Commas needed: The market, formerly known as "The Grand Bazaar," is now quiet.