Formal:
* Insubordination
* Disobedience
* Rebellion
* Sedition (implies inciting rebellion)
* Treason (implies betrayal of one's country)
Informal:
* Noncompliance
* Resistance
* Opposition
* Recalcitrance (stubborn refusal to obey)
* Defiance
* Infraction
* Confrontation
Figurative:
* Throwing down the gauntlet
* Taking a stand
* Bending the rules
* Pushing the envelope
The best word to use depends on the specific context and the level of formality you want to convey.