Here's a breakdown:
* Emphasis on Law and Punishment: Legalism believes that human nature is inherently selfish and needs strict laws and severe consequences to be controlled. This means a strong legal system with clearly defined rules and harsh penalties for any violations.
* Role of the Ruler: The ruler is seen as an absolute authority who should be ruthless and efficient in enforcing the law. They should prioritize the power and stability of the state above all else, even individual freedom or morality.
* Individualism vs. Collectivism: Legalism prioritizes the collective good and the stability of the state over individual rights and freedoms.
* Practicality over Morality: Legalism focuses on what works rather than what is morally right or wrong. If a law or punishment maintains order, it's considered good, regardless of ethical considerations.
Key Figure: The most prominent Legalist philosopher was Han Feizi. He emphasized the importance of law, punishment, and the absolute power of the ruler.
Historical Context: Legalism rose to prominence during the Warring States period in ancient China (475-221 BC), a time of great chaos and conflict. It appealed to rulers who sought to unify the country through strong leadership and strict governance.
Legacy: While Legalism had a significant impact on Chinese history, its ideas are often viewed as authoritarian and oppressive. Nevertheless, it's important to understand its central principles to comprehend the development of Chinese political thought and practice.