1. Logic:
* Valid Argument: A valid argument is one where the conclusion logically follows from the premises. This means that if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.
* Example:
* Premise 1: All dogs are mammals.
* Premise 2: My pet is a dog.
* Conclusion: Therefore, my pet is a mammal.
* Valid Deductive Inference: In deductive reasoning, a valid inference is one where the conclusion is guaranteed to be true if the premises are true.
* Example:
* Premise: All men are mortal.
* Premise: Socrates is a man.
* Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
2. Truth:
* True Statement: A statement is true if it accurately reflects reality. This can be verified by evidence and observation.
* Example: The Earth is round.
3. Semantics:
* Well-Formed Statement: A statement is well-formed if it is grammatically correct and meaningful in the context of a language.
* Example: "The cat sat on the mat" is well-formed, while "The cat sat on the mat the" is not.
4. Pragmatics:
* Valid Conversation: A statement is considered valid in a conversation if it is appropriate, relevant, and contributes to the flow of the discussion.
* Example: If someone asks "What's the weather like?", a valid response would be "It's sunny and warm," rather than "I like pizza."
In summary:
* Logic: Validity depends on the logical connection between premises and conclusion.
* Truth: Validity depends on the statement's accuracy in reflecting reality.
* Semantics: Validity depends on the statement's grammatical correctness and meaningfulness.
* Pragmatics: Validity depends on the statement's appropriateness and relevance within a conversation.
It's important to note that a statement can be valid in one sense and invalid in another. For example, a statement can be logically valid but factually false.