1. Literal vs. Figurative Meaning: Idioms are phrases where the words don't literally mean what they say. For example, "kick the bucket" doesn't mean to actually kick a bucket, it means to die. This disconnect between the literal and figurative meaning can be confusing, especially for language learners.
2. Cultural Specificity: Many idioms are rooted in specific cultures and histories. What makes sense in one culture might not in another. For example, "to bite the bullet" originates from a surgical practice where soldiers would bite on a bullet to endure pain. This wouldn't be easily understood by someone unfamiliar with that practice.
3. Lack of Transparency: Often, the figurative meaning of an idiom isn't easily deduced from its literal components. It takes exposure and experience to learn the true meaning. For example, "to spill the beans" doesn't relate to spilling beans at all, but rather to revealing a secret.
4. Multiple Meanings: Some idioms can have different meanings depending on context. "To get cold feet" can mean to become afraid or to lose interest. This can lead to misinterpretations if the context isn't clear.
5. Evolution of Idioms: Idioms can change meaning over time. What might have meant one thing in the past could have a different meaning today.
6. Regional Variations: The same idiom might have slightly different meanings or usage in different regions. "To catch a cold" can mean to get a cold or to become disappointed depending on where you are.
7. Informal Usage: Idioms are often used in informal language, making them less predictable in formal settings.
In short, idioms are confusing because they are a unique and often quirky aspect of language that requires learning their figurative meanings and cultural contexts, often through experience and exposure.