1. Intentional and deliberate: This is the most common meaning. It implies that an action was done consciously and with a clear purpose, even if that purpose was harmful or wrong.
* Example: "The willful destruction of property is a crime."
2. Stubborn and obstinate: This meaning describes someone who refuses to yield or comply, even when it's in their best interest. They might be seen as headstrong or defiant.
* Example: "Her willful refusal to listen to advice was infuriating."
3. Characterized by determination and strong will: This meaning can be positive, highlighting someone's strong sense of purpose and commitment.
* Example: "She showed a willful determination to succeed in her career."
It's important to consider the context to understand the intended meaning of "willful." The tone of the sentence or surrounding text can help determine whether it is used positively or negatively.