Here's a breakdown of the key characteristics:
* Conscious: Individuals are aware of their explicit attitudes and can readily access and express them.
* Deliberate: Explicit attitudes are formed through conscious reasoning and reflection.
* Reportable: People can easily and accurately report their explicit attitudes when asked.
Examples of explicit attitudes:
* "I like chocolate ice cream."
* "I believe that all people should be treated equally."
* "I am afraid of spiders."
How explicit attitudes are measured:
Explicit attitudes are typically measured through self-report methods, such as:
* Questionnaires: Participants are asked to rate their agreement or disagreement with statements related to the attitude object.
* Surveys: Participants provide their opinions and beliefs about a particular topic.
* Interviews: Participants are asked open-ended questions about their attitudes.
Key differences between explicit and implicit attitudes:
* Awareness: Explicit attitudes are conscious, while implicit attitudes are often unconscious.
* Control: Explicit attitudes are under conscious control, while implicit attitudes are more automatic and less easily controlled.
* Measurement: Explicit attitudes are typically measured through self-report, while implicit attitudes are often assessed through indirect measures, such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
It's important to note:
* Explicit attitudes can be influenced by social desirability bias, where individuals may present a more favorable or socially acceptable view of their attitudes.
* Implicit attitudes may not always align with explicit attitudes, as they are influenced by automatic associations and past experiences.
Overall, explicit attitudes represent the conscious and deliberate evaluations that individuals hold about the world around them.