Important Books and Writings of Legalism:
While Legalism lacked a unified foundational text like Confucianism's Analects, its core principles were established and developed through a collection of influential writings and thinkers. Here are some of the most significant ones:
Han Feizi (c. 280-233 BCE): This influential philosopher and statesman, credited as the most prominent figure of Legalism, wrote the Han Feizi (also known as The Book of Master Han), a comprehensive philosophical work that encapsulates key Legalist principles.
The Han Feizi is a collection of essays and dialogues encompassing:
* Emphasis on Law and Punishment: It advocates for a strict legal system where rules are clearly defined and enforced with harsh punishments for any infraction.
* Power of the Ruler: Han Feizi stresses the absolute power of the ruler, who should hold supreme authority and wield it ruthlessly to maintain order.
* Utilitarianism: This work promotes a utilitarian view of governance, where actions are judged based on their practical effects and benefits to the state, regardless of moral considerations.
* Control and Manipulation: It advocates for manipulating individuals and controlling their behavior through the use of rewards and punishments, aiming to create a stable and productive society.
Other Important Legalist Works:
* The Book of Lord Shang (Shang Jun Shu): This book, attributed to Shang Yang (c. 390-338 BCE), a renowned Legalist statesman, focuses on practical strategies for governance and emphasizes the importance of agricultural development, military strength, and strict social control.
* The Book of Li Kui (Li Kui Shu): This work, attributed to Li Kui, a Legalist minister, focuses on bureaucratic management, emphasizing the importance of clear hierarchies, merit-based appointments, and efficient administration.
Beyond Specific Texts:
* The Writings of Shen Buhai (c. 385-337 BCE): Shen Buhai, a key figure in the development of Legalist thought, emphasized the importance of a strong and stable government, clear laws, and a system of rewards and punishments. Although his works are largely lost, their influence on the Legalist philosophy remains undeniable.
* The Writings of the Early Qin Dynasty: The Qin dynasty, known for its ruthless implementation of Legalist principles, also left behind a collection of historical records and administrative documents that shed light on the practical application of these ideas.
It's important to remember that Legalism evolved and diversified over time. While these texts represent core principles, they should be examined alongside later developments and the various schools of thought that emerged within Legalism.