* Social and economic determinism: Characters are often trapped by their circumstances, such as poverty, social class, or heredity. They are powerless to change their fate, even if they strive to do so.
* The influence of the environment: Nature is often portrayed as a powerful and indifferent force that can easily destroy human lives or aspirations. This can be seen in the use of extreme weather events, natural disasters, or even the simple passage of time.
* The struggle for survival: Characters often face difficult choices and challenges, and they are often forced to compromise their values or morals in order to survive.
* The futility of human effort: Despite their best intentions, characters often fail to achieve their goals or make a meaningful impact on the world. This sense of futility can be seen as a reflection of the naturalists' belief that human beings are essentially powerless in the face of larger forces.
Examples of this theme in literary naturalism:
* Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat": The men on the lifeboat are at the mercy of the sea, and their efforts to survive are ultimately futile.
* Jack London's "The Call of the Wild": Buck is a domesticated dog who is forced to survive in the wild, and he eventually succumbs to his primal instincts.
* Theodore Dreiser's "Sister Carrie": Carrie Meeber is a young woman who is trapped by poverty and social expectations, and she struggles to find happiness and success in a world that seems indifferent to her dreams.
Overall, literary naturalism often presents a pessimistic view of human nature and the human condition. It emphasizes the limitations of human agency and the power of forces beyond our control. This theme is often explored through the use of vivid imagery, stark realism, and a focus on the harsh realities of life.