Euphemism: This is the most general term and refers to using a mild or indirect word or phrase to substitute for one that is considered harsh, unpleasant, or offensive. Examples: "passed away" instead of "died," "downsizing" instead of "laying off."
Softening: This term emphasizes the intention to make something sound less harsh or negative. It can be used in a similar way to "euphemism" but can also apply to other ways of making something easier to hear, like using a gentler tone of voice or a less direct approach.
Sugarcoating: This term is used when the intention is to make something sound more pleasant or positive than it actually is, often by downplaying or omitting negative aspects. It can be seen as a more manipulative form of softening.
Politeness: This is a broader term that encompasses various ways of being considerate and respectful towards others, including using euphemisms or softening language. It can also involve avoiding certain topics altogether or choosing to express criticism in a more subtle way.
Spin: This term is often used in a political context and refers to presenting information in a way that favors a particular viewpoint, often by using euphemisms or selectively highlighting certain facts.
Ultimately, the most accurate term will depend on the specific context and the intention behind using a word or phrase to make something bad easier to hear.