Formal:
* Comment allez-vous ? (This is the most formal way to ask, literally meaning "How are you going?")
Informal:
* Comment vas-tu ? (This is a more casual way to ask, used with friends or people you know well.)
* Ça va ? (This is the most common way to ask, meaning "Is it going well?")
* Comment ça va ? (This is also a casual way to ask, meaning "How is it going?")
You can also say:
* Tu vas bien ? (You are doing well?)
* Qu'est-ce que tu fais ? (What are you doing?) - This can be a way to start a conversation and ask about how someone is doing.
The best way to know which phrase to use is to consider who you're talking to and the situation.