1. A system of beliefs or principles:
* Capitalism: A system where private individuals own and control the means of production.
* Socialism: A system where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community.
* Buddhism: A religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama.
* Communism: A system where private property is abolished and the means of production are owned by the community.
2. A characteristic or practice:
* Heroism: The quality of being brave and noble.
* Racism: Prejudice or discrimination based on race.
* Nationalism: A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.
* Realism: A style of art or literature that aims to portray life accurately.
3. A doctrine or theory:
* Darwinism: The theory of evolution by natural selection.
* Freudianism: The psychological theories of Sigmund Freud.
* Marxism: The political and economic theories of Karl Marx.
4. A state or condition:
* Barbarism: A state of savagery or uncivilized behavior.
* Chauvinism: An exaggerated patriotism or belief in the superiority of one's own country.
* Nihilism: The belief that life is meaningless and without purpose.
It's important to note that the specific meaning of "-ism" can vary depending on the context and the word it's attached to.