1. Place of Articulation: Where in the mouth the obstruction occurs:
* Bilabial: Lips together (e.g., /p/, /b/, /m/)
* Labiodental: Lower lip against upper teeth (e.g., /f/, /v/)
* Dental: Tongue tip against upper teeth (e.g., /θ/, /ð/)
* Alveolar: Tongue tip against alveolar ridge (e.g., /t/, /d/, /n/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /r/)
* Palatal: Tongue against hard palate (e.g., /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /j/)
* Velar: Back of tongue against soft palate (e.g., /k/, /g/, /ŋ/)
* Glottal: Airflow obstructed at the glottis (e.g., /h/)
2. Manner of Articulation: How the air is obstructed:
* Stops: Complete closure of the airflow (e.g., /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/)
* Fricatives: Narrowing of the airflow causing friction (e.g., /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/)
* Affricates: Start as a stop, then release as a fricative (e.g., /tʃ/, /dʒ/)
* Nasals: Airflow through the nose (e.g., /m/, /n/, /ŋ/)
* Liquids: Partial obstruction, allowing airflow around the sides of the tongue (e.g., /l/, /r/)
* Approximants: Close but not complete obstruction (e.g., /j/, /w/)
3. Voicing: Whether the vocal cords vibrate:
* Voiced: Vocal cords vibrate (e.g., /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /m/, /n/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/)
* Voiceless: Vocal cords do not vibrate (e.g., /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /h/)
Examples of Different Consonants:
* Bilabial stop: /p/ (pin), /b/ (bin), /m/ (man)
* Alveolar fricative: /s/ (sun), /z/ (zoo)
* Velar stop: /k/ (cat), /g/ (gate)
* Palatal affricate: /tʃ/ (chair), /dʒ/ (jam)
* Dental fricative: /θ/ (thin), /ð/ (this)
* Liquid: /l/ (lie), /r/ (run)
* Approximant: /j/ (yes), /w/ (wet)
Note: These are just some examples, and there are many other consonants in different languages. The specific set of consonants varies depending on the language.