Procedural Errors:
* Reusing settings: Operators often used the same Enigma settings for multiple messages, which allowed cryptanalysts to identify patterns and potentially deduce the settings.
* Predictable message routines: Operators sometimes used predictable routines for starting messages, like always beginning with "wetter" (weather). This allowed cryptanalysts to narrow down possible settings.
* Incomplete procedures: Operators sometimes failed to follow established procedures, such as using the correct rotor settings or properly changing the settings between messages. This resulted in inconsistencies that made it easier to break the code.
* Lack of security awareness: Operators sometimes discussed sensitive information near the Enigma machines, which could be overheard by enemy spies.
Technical Weaknesses:
* Limited number of rotors: Enigma used a limited number of rotors, which reduced the complexity of the code. This allowed cryptanalysts to systematically try different combinations of rotor settings.
* Plugboard connections: The plugboard was a key component of Enigma, but it also introduced vulnerabilities. The fixed number of plugs and the limited number of possible connections made it easier for cryptanalysts to analyze the code.
* Lack of error-checking: Enigma did not have any built-in error-checking mechanism, which meant that operators could introduce errors into the encryption process. These errors could then be exploited by cryptanalysts.
Intelligence Gathering:
* Capturing Enigma machines: The Allies captured several Enigma machines and their operating manuals, which provided them with valuable information about how the device worked. This was critical in the early stages of code-breaking.
* Interception of messages: The Allies intercepted a vast number of Enigma messages, which allowed them to analyze the code and develop techniques for breaking it.
* Double-agent networks: The Allies infiltrated the German intelligence network and recruited double agents who provided vital information about Enigma settings and procedures.
It's important to note that despite these mistakes, Enigma was a very sophisticated encryption device that posed a significant challenge for cryptanalysts. The success of the Allies in breaking Enigma was due to a combination of factors, including intelligence gathering, technical expertise, and sheer determination.