Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences, or lines.
In the example you gave, the repetition of "doubling the baby at joints like a Dutch doll" creates a sense of emphasis and rhythm.
It's important to note that the phrase itself is a bit unusual and might not be a commonly used literary device. However, the repetition of "doubling" is a clear example of anaphora.