1. Affixation: Adding prefixes and suffixes to existing words.
* Prefixes: Un-, re-, pre-, etc. (e.g., unhappy, rewrite, preview)
* Suffixes: -ing, -ed, -er, -ly, -ness, etc. (e.g., walking, baked, worker, quickly, happiness)
2. Compounding: Combining two or more existing words.
* Open compounds: Two separate words (e.g., high school, ice cream)
* Hyphenated compounds: Two words joined by a hyphen (e.g., mother-in-law, well-being)
* Closed compounds: Two words combined into a single word (e.g., birthday, rainbow)
3. Conversion: Shifting a word from one grammatical category to another.
* Verb to noun: E.g., "to email" becomes "an email"
* Noun to verb: E.g., "Google" (noun) becomes "to Google" (verb)
4. Backformation: Creating a new word by removing what appears to be a suffix from an existing word.
* E.g., "editor" becomes "edit"
5. Blending: Merging parts of two words to create a new one.
* E.g., "breakfast" + "lunch" = "brunch"
6. Clipping: Shortening a word.
* E.g., "telephone" becomes "phone"
7. Acronyms: Forming a word from the initial letters of a phrase.
* E.g., "NATO" (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
8. Initialisms: Forming a word from the initial letters of a phrase, but pronounced letter by letter.
* E.g., "FBI" (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
9. Onomatopoeia: Creating words that imitate sounds.
* E.g., "buzz," "meow," "crash"
10. Reduplication: Repeating all or part of a word.
* E.g., "bye-bye," "super-duper"
11. Borrowing: Adopting words from other languages.
* E.g., "karaoke" (Japanese), "chutzpah" (Yiddish)
Remember that these processes can sometimes overlap, and the creation of new words is complex. Word formation is a dynamic process, and new words are constantly being created!