1. Complexity of the Writing System:
* Syllabic and Logographic: Cuneiform was a mixed system using both syllables and logograms (symbols representing entire words). This created a huge number of symbols to learn, making it difficult to remember the specific sound or meaning of each.
* Number of Symbols: Over 600 distinct cuneiform signs were in use, with some having multiple pronunciations depending on context.
* Polyphony: Many signs could represent different sounds, creating ambiguity and requiring understanding of context to decipher meaning.
* Determinatives: Cuneiform frequently used determinative signs after words to clarify their grammatical category (e.g., "bird" after the name of a bird). This further increased the number of signs to learn.
2. Material and Technique:
* Clay Tablets: Writing on clay tablets with a stylus was a demanding and time-consuming process. It required considerable practice to master the necessary pressure and precision.
* Impressions: The cuneiform script was created by pressing a stylus into soft clay, resulting in wedge-shaped impressions. This required specific hand movements and coordination.
* Drying and Firing: Clay tablets needed to be dried and sometimes fired in a kiln to preserve the writing. This added further complexity to the writing process.
3. Limited Access to Education:
* Scribal Schools: Cuneiform writing was taught in specialized scribal schools, accessible primarily to elite members of society.
* Limited Literacy: Literacy was not widespread, making it difficult to find individuals who could teach or help with learning the script.
4. Change Over Time:
* Evolution: The cuneiform script evolved over centuries, with new symbols being introduced and older ones becoming obsolete. This meant that learners needed to keep up with the changing system.
Despite these challenges, cuneiform was an incredibly important invention, allowing for the preservation of knowledge and the development of civilization in Mesopotamia. However, mastering this complex writing system required considerable dedication and effort.