Here's a breakdown:
"De":
* Indicates origin or place of birth: For example, "García de la Torre" might signify someone whose family originated from the town of "la Torre".
* Indicates a title or nobility: "De la Vega" could indicate someone who was a member of a noble family from "la Vega".
* Sometimes represents a family name that was originally a geographical location: "De la Cruz" ("of the Cross")
"Y":
* Combines two surnames: "López y Sánchez" signifies that the person is a descendant of both the López and Sánchez families.
* Indicates a matrilineal connection: In some cases, "y" is used to signify a family that adopted the mother's surname in addition to the father's.
Important Note: The presence of "de" or "y" does not always have a specific meaning. Sometimes, it's simply a part of the surname that has been passed down through generations.
Examples of last names with "de" or "y":
* De la Cruz
* Rodriguez y Rodriguez
* Garcia de la Vega
* Martinez de la Torre
* Fernandez y Fernandez
It's crucial to remember that the nuances of Hispanic last names can be complex, and there are many variations and exceptions to the general rules.