Artistic Influences:
* Early Italian Renaissance: The group's name itself indicates their admiration for the art of the period before Raphael, particularly the works of Botticelli, Fra Angelico, and other early Renaissance masters. They championed the direct observation of nature, vibrant colors, and a focus on religious and literary themes.
* Medieval Art: The Pre-Raphaelites were drawn to the symbolism and craftsmanship of medieval art, especially stained glass, illuminated manuscripts, and mosaics.
* Romantic Movement: The Pre-Raphaelites shared the Romantics' appreciation for individual expression, emotion, and the sublime. They also embraced themes of nature, love, and the pursuit of beauty.
* Victorian Aesthetic: The Pre-Raphaelites responded against the prevailing Victorian aesthetic, which they saw as overly sentimental and lacking in authenticity. They sought to revive a sense of artistic purity and integrity.
Literary Influences:
* John Ruskin: Ruskin, a leading art critic of the time, was a major influence on the Pre-Raphaelites. He championed the principles of truth to nature, craftsmanship, and moral purpose in art.
* Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The poet and painter Rossetti was a key figure in the Brotherhood. His poetry, infused with symbolism and romance, influenced the group's artistic themes.
* William Morris: Another important figure, Morris, was a poet, designer, and social activist. His work, like the Pre-Raphaelites' art, sought to reform Victorian society through the creation of beautiful and meaningful objects.
* Shakespeare and other Medieval Literature: The Pre-Raphaelites drew inspiration from Shakespeare, Chaucer, and other medieval writers, using their stories and themes in their art.
Social and Political Influences:
* Social Reform: The Pre-Raphaelites were deeply concerned with social issues, such as poverty, inequality, and the exploitation of labor. They saw art as a means of promoting social change and raising awareness of these problems.
* The Rise of Industrialism: The Pre-Raphaelites rejected the negative effects of industrialization, such as pollution and overcrowding, and sought to create a more harmonious relationship between humans and nature.
* Religious Revivalism: The Pre-Raphaelites were drawn to the spiritual and mystical aspects of religion. Their art often featured religious themes and symbolism.
Overall, the Pre-Raphaelites were a complex and multifaceted group, drawing inspiration from a wide range of artistic, literary, social, and political influences. They sought to revive a sense of beauty, truth, and morality in art, while also critiquing the excesses of Victorian society.