Formal:
* Magnifier
* Microscopic instrument
* Optical microscope
* Electron microscope
* Magnifying glass (less powerful)
Informal:
* Looking glass (very informal and outdated)
* Magnifying device
The best synonym depends on what you're trying to convey.
For example:
* If you're writing a scientific paper, "optical microscope" or "electron microscope" would be appropriate.
* If you're talking to a child, "magnifying glass" might be easier to understand.