During which century was American archeology closely linked to physical and social anthropology linguistics?

American archaeology was closely linked to physical and social anthropology, and linguistics during the early to mid-20th century, specifically the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Here's why:

* Early Focus on Culture History: The initial focus of American archaeology was on reconstructing the past through material culture, which led to a close association with anthropology.

* The Rise of Cultural Anthropology: During the early 20th century, cultural anthropology emerged as a distinct discipline, emphasizing the study of human societies and cultures. This shared interest in culture further strengthened the link between archaeology and anthropology.

* Linguistic Insights: The study of indigenous languages provided valuable information about the history, migration patterns, and cultural practices of prehistoric peoples. Linguistics became an integral part of archaeological research.

Key Figures and Developments:

* Franz Boas: A prominent anthropologist who advocated for the holistic study of cultures, including language, material culture, and social structures.

* Alfred Kroeber: A student of Boas who played a pivotal role in establishing the field of cultural anthropology and its connections to archaeology.

* Julian Steward: A key figure in the development of cultural ecology, which emphasized the relationship between culture and the environment, further integrating archaeology and anthropology.

While the connection between these disciplines has evolved over time, the influence of anthropology and linguistics on American archaeology during the early to mid-20th century remains significant.