Here are some key characteristics of calumny:
* False: The statements made must be untrue.
* Malicious: The speaker intends to harm the victim's reputation.
* Damaging: The statements must actually cause harm to the victim's reputation.
Calumny can be spoken, written, or even spread through actions. It's a serious offense and can have legal consequences, particularly in cases where it leads to financial or emotional harm.
Here are some examples of calumny:
* Spreading rumors that someone committed a crime they didn't commit.
* Accusing someone of having an affair when they haven't.
* Writing a defamatory article about someone that ruins their career.
Key Differences between Calumny and Other Terms:
* Slander: Often used interchangeably with calumny, but it's a broader term for any false and defamatory statement that's spoken.
* Libel: Similar to slander, but it refers to false and defamatory statements that are written.
* Defamation: A broad term encompassing both slander and libel. It refers to any statement that harms someone's reputation.
It's important to note that the definition and legal consequences of calumny can vary depending on the jurisdiction.