What was the development of cuneiform enabled scholars to learn about ancient Sumerians?

Cuneiform writing was a revolutionary development that enabled scholars to learn a vast amount about the ancient Sumerians. Here's how:

1. Access to Written Records: Before cuneiform, knowledge of ancient civilizations was largely limited to archaeological findings like artifacts and structures. Cuneiform provided a direct window into the Sumerian worldview, their society, and their history through:

* Texts: Cuneiform tablets contained everything from administrative records and legal documents to literature, hymns, and scientific observations.

* Language: The decipherment of cuneiform allowed scholars to understand the Sumerian language, their grammar, and their vocabulary, providing a rich understanding of their culture.

* Mythology and Religion: Cuneiform tablets preserved Sumerian myths, creation stories, and religious beliefs, giving insights into their spiritual world.

2. Understanding Sumerian Society: Cuneiform texts revealed:

* Social Structure: Information about social hierarchies, roles of different classes, and the lives of ordinary people.

* Economy: Details about trade, agriculture, and the management of resources.

* Government: Insights into political systems, laws, and governance structures.

* Daily Life: Descriptions of everyday activities, rituals, and customs, providing a glimpse into their lives.

3. Dating and Chronology: Cuneiform tablets often included dates, enabling scholars to create a more precise timeline of Sumerian history.

4. Connections with Other Civilizations: Cuneiform texts revealed interactions with other civilizations, showing trade routes, cultural exchanges, and conflicts, providing a broader understanding of the ancient world.

5. Scientific Knowledge: Sumerian tablets contained early astronomical observations, mathematical calculations, and medical practices, shedding light on their scientific understanding.

The Impact:

The decipherment of cuneiform revolutionized our understanding of ancient Mesopotamia. It shifted our knowledge from relying solely on archaeological finds to having access to a wealth of written information, giving us a more nuanced and comprehensive picture of the Sumerian civilization and their impact on the world.