English:
* Argument
* Discussion
* Disputation
* Controversy
* Dispute
* Wrangling
* Deliberation
* Colloquy
Spanish:
* Debate
* Discusión
* Polemica
* Disputa
* Controversia
* Arguimento
* Deliberación
French:
* Débat
* Discussion
* Dispute
* Controverse
* Argumentaire
* Discussion animée
German:
* Debatte
* Diskussion
* Streitgespräch
* Auseinandersetzung
* Kontroverse
* Disput
Italian:
* Dibattito
* Discussione
* Contesa
* Polemica
* Controversia
Japanese:
* 討論 (tōron) - discussion, debate
* 論争 (ronsō) - argument, debate
* 議論 (giron) - discussion, debate
Chinese (Mandarin):
* 辩论 (biànlùn) - debate, argument
* 讨论 (tǎolùn) - discussion
* 争论 (zhēnglùn) - argue, debate
Russian:
* Дебаты (debaty) - debate
* Дискуссия (diskussiya) - discussion
* Спор (spor) - dispute, argument
Portuguese:
* Debate
* Discussão
* Disputa
* Controvérsia
* Polêmica
* Argumento
Arabic:
* نقاش (naqash) - discussion, debate
* جدل (jadal) - argument, debate
* حوار (ḥiwār) - dialogue
Korean:
* 토론 (toron) - debate, discussion
* 논쟁 (nonjeng) - argument, debate
Hindi:
* बहस (bahas) - debate, argument
* विवाद (vivad) - dispute, controversy
* चर्चा (charcha) - discussion
Note: This is not an exhaustive list. There are many other synonyms for "debate" in different languages, and the most appropriate word will depend on the context.