Bilingualism:
* Two languages are used in different domains: This means each language has a specific use, often depending on the context, speaker, or topic. For example, someone might speak their native language at home and English at work.
* Both languages are considered equally prestigious: There is no clear hierarchy or perceived superiority between the two languages.
* Language choice is usually flexible: Individuals can choose which language to use depending on the situation and their personal preference.
Diglossia:
* Two languages have distinct functions: One language (the "high" language) is used in formal settings like education, government, and media, while the other (the "low" language) is used in informal settings like home and with friends.
* The "high" language is considered more prestigious: It is often associated with education, power, and social mobility.
* Language choice is often determined by social factors: Individuals are expected to use the appropriate language based on the situation and their social status.
Here's a table summarizing the key differences:
| Feature | Bilingualism | Diglossia |
|---|---|---|
| Language use | Different domains | Distinct functions |
| Prestige | Equal | High vs. Low |
| Language choice | Flexible | Determined by social factors |
Examples:
* Bilingualism: A person who grew up speaking both Spanish and English at home.
* Diglossia: Arabic-speaking countries where Modern Standard Arabic is used in formal settings and local dialects are used in informal settings.
In summary, bilingualism refers to the use of two languages with equal status, while diglossia involves a clear hierarchy between two languages, with one language being used primarily in formal settings and the other in informal settings.