Common ways to form plurals in Spanish:
* Adding -s: This is the most common method, but it only applies to nouns ending in a vowel or a consonant other than -n, -r, or -z. Examples:
* libro (book) -> libros (books)
* flor (flower) -> flores (flowers)
* Adding -es: This is used for nouns ending in -z, -x, -ch, or -j. Examples:
* cruz (cross) -> cruces (crosses)
* lápiz (pencil) -> lápices (pencils)
* Changing the ending to -es: This applies to nouns ending in -n, -r, or -s. Examples:
* mamá (mom) -> mamás (moms)
* papel (paper) -> papeles (papers)
* Keeping the singular form: Some nouns, especially those of foreign origin, remain singular in the plural. Examples:
* el autobús (the bus) -> los autobuses (the buses)
* el menú (the menu) -> los menús (the menus)
Important Note: The plural formation is determined by the gender and ending of the noun. Therefore, you cannot simply add "s" to any noun to make it plural in Spanish.