Visual Rhetoric:
* Deep focus cinematography: Orson Welles uses deep focus to highlight multiple layers of the story at once. We see Kane in the foreground, but also the depths of his Xanadu mansion, symbolizing his vast wealth and isolation.
* Low-angle shots: These shots elevate Kane, making him seem powerful, almost god-like. This is especially prevalent in scenes where he is in control, like at the newspaper office.
* Long takes: Welles's use of long takes allows the viewer to absorb the complexities of the scene, creating a sense of immersion and forcing us to pay attention to the nuances of the environment and characters' interactions.
* Montage: The film uses montage sequences to compress time and convey the passage of Kane's life, his rise to power, and his eventual decline. This is seen in the "News on the March" sequence.
* Symbolism: The film is rich in symbolism, from the Rosebud sled to the crumbling Xanadu, each object representing a different aspect of Kane's life and personality.
Verbal Rhetoric:
* Allusion: The film frequently alludes to historical figures and events, drawing parallels between Kane and real-life tycoons and the rise and fall of empires. This adds depth and meaning to Kane's story.
* Metaphor: The film uses metaphors to illustrate Kane's inner turmoil. For instance, the "breakfast scene" with Susan is filled with metaphors of Kane's suffocating control and his inability to connect with others.
* Irony: The film is rife with irony, often highlighting the contrast between Kane's public image and his private reality. The "Rosebud" revelation creates a profound sense of irony, as the seemingly insignificant object becomes a symbol of Kane's deepest desires.
* Foreshadowing: The film uses foreshadowing to create suspense and anticipation. The opening sequence, with the "Rosebud" whisper, sets the stage for the entire film and leads us to seek its meaning.
* Point of View: The story is told from the perspective of several different characters, each offering a distinct interpretation of Kane. This creates a fragmented narrative that reflects the complexity of the man and his legacy.
Rhetorical Questions:
* The film poses numerous rhetorical questions, forcing the viewer to engage actively in the storytelling process. These questions are often left unanswered, prompting reflection and analysis.
Other Rhetorical Devices:
* Repetition: The film uses repetition to emphasize certain themes and ideas. For example, the repeated image of Kane's hands, particularly in the "breakfast scene," highlights his control over his environment and the inability to control his own emotions.
By skillfully employing these rhetorical devices, "Citizen Kane" transcends the boundaries of traditional storytelling. It compels us to engage intellectually and emotionally with its characters and themes, making it a cinematic masterpiece that continues to resonate with audiences today.