General:
* Document (the most basic and straightforward term)
* Paper
* Record
* Manuscript
* File
* Writing
* Text
* Artifact
Focus on Content:
* Informational
* Narrative
* Analytical
* Persuasive
* Technical
* Legal
* Financial
* Historical
* Literary
* Academic
* Official
* Confidential
* Private
* Public
Focus on Format:
* Typed
* Handwritten
* Printed
* Electronic
* Digital
* Spreadsheet
* Presentation
* Diagram
* Chart
* Table
Focus on Origin:
* Original
* Copy
* Draft
* Final
* Revised
* Edited
* Signed
* Dated
Focus on Importance:
* Important
* Valuable
* Essential
* Crucial
* Historical
* Rare
* Unique
Focus on Condition:
* Damaged
* Incomplete
* Lost
* Found
* Preserved
* Archived
More Specific:
* Contract
* Agreement
* Resume
* Invoice
* Report
* Proposal
* Letter
* Memorandum
* Thesis
* Dissertation
The best word or phrase to describe a document depends on the specific context.