General Principles
* Placement: Parenthetical citations are typically placed at the end of the sentence or clause that contains the borrowed information.
* Punctuation:
* Period: The period for the sentence goes after the closing parenthesis.
* Commas: Use commas to separate multiple citations within the same parentheses.
Common Elements
* Author's Last Name: The author's last name (or names if multiple authors) is usually the first element.
* Year of Publication: The year the work was published is crucial for citations.
* Page Number: If you're quoting directly or paraphrasing specific information, include the page number.
* Other Information: Depending on the citation style, you might include:
* Volume/Issue Number: For journal articles
* Chapter Number: For books
* Website or Database: For online sources
Examples
* MLA: (Smith 23).
* APA: (Smith, 2023, p. 23).
* Chicago Notes and Bibliography: Smith, *The History of Art*, 23.
* Chicago Author-Date: (Smith 2023, 23).
Abbreviations
* "et al." (Latin for "and others"): Used when there are three or more authors. For example: (Smith et al., 2023).
* "p." or "pp.": Used for page numbers. "p." is for a single page, "pp." for multiple pages.
* "n.d.": (No date) Used when the publication date is unknown.
Important Notes
* Specific Style Guidelines: The exact punctuation and abbreviations can vary depending on the specific citation style guide you're using (MLA, APA, Chicago, etc.). Consult your style guide for precise instructions.
* Consistency: Make sure you use the same style throughout your paper.
Let me know if you'd like to see examples of parenthetical citations for specific types of sources!