* Preposition: When it indicates location, like "The passengers were aboard the ship."
* Adverb: When it means "on board a vehicle," like "They went aboard the train."
* Adjective: In rare cases, it can act as an adjective, though it's less common. For example, "The aboard passengers cheered."
Let me know the full sentence where you encountered "aboard," and I can tell you for sure what part of speech it is!