Vowels:
* अ (a): pronounced like the "a" in "father"
* आ (ā): pronounced like the "a" in "car"
* इ (i): pronounced like the "i" in "machine"
* ई (ī): pronounced like the "ee" in "see"
* उ (u): pronounced like the "u" in "put"
* ऊ (ū): pronounced like the "oo" in "moon"
* ऋ (ṛ): pronounced like the "ri" in "bird"
* ऌ (ṝ): pronounced like a longer "ri"
* ए (e): pronounced like the "e" in "pen"
* ऐ (ai): pronounced like the "ai" in "rain"
* ओ (o): pronounced like the "o" in "go"
* औ (au): pronounced like the "ow" in "cow"
* अं (aṁ): pronounced like the "m" at the end of "drum"
* अः (aḥ): pronounced like the "h" at the end of "ah"
Consonants:
* क (ka): pronounced like the "k" in "kite"
* ख (kha): pronounced like the "kh" in "khan"
* ग (ga): pronounced like the "g" in "game"
* घ (gha): pronounced like the "gh" in "ghost"
* ङ (ṅa): pronounced like the "ng" in "sing"
* च (ca): pronounced like the "ch" in "chair"
* छ (cha): pronounced like the "ch" in "church"
* ज (ja): pronounced like the "j" in "jump"
* झ (jha): pronounced like the "jh" in "jungle"
* ञ (ña): pronounced like the "ny" in "canyon"
* ट (ṭa): pronounced like the "t" in "table"
* ठ (ṭha): pronounced like the "th" in "thin"
* ड (ḍa): pronounced like the "d" in "drum"
* ढ (ḍha): pronounced like the "dh" in "that"
* ण (ṇa): pronounced like the "n" in "sun"
* त (ta): pronounced like the "t" in "time"
* थ (tha): pronounced like the "th" in "think"
* द (da): pronounced like the "d" in "dog"
* ध (dha): pronounced like the "dh" in "this"
* न (na): pronounced like the "n" in "nose"
* प (pa): pronounced like the "p" in "pen"
* फ (pha): pronounced like the "ph" in "phone"
* ब (ba): pronounced like the "b" in "ball"
* भ (bha): pronounced like the "bh" in "brother"
* म (ma): pronounced like the "m" in "man"
* य (ya): pronounced like the "y" in "yes"
* र (ra): pronounced like the "r" in "run"
* ल (la): pronounced like the "l" in "lake"
* व (va): pronounced like the "v" in "van"
* श (śa): pronounced like the "sh" in "ship"
* ष (ṣa): pronounced like the "sh" in "shoe"
* स (sa): pronounced like the "s" in "sun"
* ह (ha): pronounced like the "h" in "hat"
* क्ष (kṣa): pronounced like the "ksh" in "aksha"
* त्र (tra): pronounced like the "tr" in "train"
* ज्ञ (jña): pronounced like the "gy" in "gym"
Important Notes:
* Consonant Clusters: These letters can combine with each other to form consonant clusters, like "क्य" (kya), "त्र" (tra), etc.
* Vowel Signs: Unlike English, Hindi uses vowel signs (called *matra*) above or below consonants to indicate the vowel sound.
* Pronunciation: The best way to learn Hindi pronunciation is to listen to native speakers and practice with a tutor or language learning resources.
Learning Resources:
* Online Language Learning Platforms: Duolingo, Babbel, Memrise
* Hindi Language Dictionaries: Shabdkosh, Hindi2English
* Hindi Language Learning Apps: HindiPod101, Learn Hindi
* Hindi Language Tutors: Online platforms like Verbling, iTalki
Happy Hindi learning! 😊