1. Indigenous Languages:
* Arabic: During the Muslim rule of the Iberian Peninsula, Arabic words and grammatical structures entered Spanish, particularly in the south.
* Mozarabic: This Romance language, spoken by Christians under Muslim rule, also contributed to Spanish vocabulary.
* Native American Languages: In the Americas, Spanish absorbed words from various indigenous languages, particularly in Mexico and South America.
2. Germanic Languages:
* Visigothic: The Germanic Visigoths invaded the Iberian Peninsula in the 5th century, leaving their mark on Spanish vocabulary and grammar.
* Frankish: During the Frankish occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, some words and grammatical structures entered the language.
* German: Direct influence from German is minimal, but some words entered Spanish through other languages, like French.
3. Other Romance Languages:
* French: Due to historical ties with France, French words and grammatical structures found their way into Spanish.
* Portuguese: Sharing a common Latin root, Spanish and Portuguese have influenced each other throughout history.
4. Other Influences:
* Greek: Greek, through Latin, has contributed to the vocabulary of many Romance languages, including Spanish.
* Hebrew: A small number of Hebrew words, particularly related to religion, have entered Spanish.
* English: In recent times, English has contributed significantly to Spanish vocabulary, especially in technical and scientific fields.
It's important to remember that the influence of these languages varies geographically within the Spanish-speaking world. For example, the influence of Arabic is more pronounced in Andalusian Spanish than in other dialects.