Closely Related:
* Azerbaijani: Often considered a dialect of Turkish, Azerbaijani is extremely similar with high mutual intelligibility.
* Turkmen: Also very close to Turkish, Turkmen has a slightly different grammar and vocabulary, making it more difficult to understand than Azerbaijani.
* Gagauz: A Turkic language spoken in Moldova and Ukraine, Gagauz is quite similar to Turkish, with some influences from Romanian.
Moderately Related:
* Uzbek: Uzbek is generally understandable for Turkish speakers, but there are significant differences in grammar and vocabulary.
* Kazakh: Kazakh is more distant than Uzbek but still has a fair degree of overlap with Turkish.
* Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz is similar to Kazakh, with slightly less intelligibility for Turkish speakers.
* Uyghur: Uyghur is further removed from Turkish but shares many common features.
Distantly Related:
* Chuvash: Chuvash is a Turkic language spoken in Russia that is considered the most divergent from other Turkic languages. While it shares a common ancestor with Turkish, it has undergone substantial language changes.
Other Considerations:
* Turkish Influence: Some non-Turkic languages, like Bulgarian and Romanian, have borrowed words and grammatical structures from Turkish due to historical contact.
* Geographical Proximity: In general, Turkic languages that are geographically closer to Turkish tend to be more similar.
Overall, while Turkish has many relatives, it is important to remember that language families are complex, and the degree of similarity can vary greatly. If you are interested in learning about the specific similarities and differences between Turkish and another Turkic language, it's best to consult a linguist or do some in-depth research.