Major Languages:
* Cebuano: The most widely spoken language in Mindanao, with an estimated 22 million speakers. It's the dominant language in the central and southern regions.
* Maranao: Spoken by around 900,000 people, primarily in the Lanao del Sur and Lanao del Norte provinces.
* Maguindanao: Spoken by approximately 800,000 people, mainly in the Maguindanao province.
* Tausug: Spoken by about 600,000 people, predominantly in the Sulu archipelago and Zamboanga Peninsula.
* Hiligaynon: Also known as Ilonggo, it's a major language in the Zamboanga Peninsula and has a significant presence in other parts of Mindanao.
Other Languages:
* Subanen: Spoken by an estimated 180,000 people in the Zamboanga Peninsula.
* Tagalog: The national language of the Philippines, widely understood and spoken in urban areas and government institutions.
* English: Used in education, business, and government, particularly in urban areas.
* Other Indigenous Languages: Mindanao is home to over 20 other indigenous languages, including:
* Bukidnon: Spoken in the Bukidnon province.
* Manobo: Spoken by various Manobo groups across Mindanao.
* Blaan: Spoken in the South Cotabato province.
* Sama-Bajau: Spoken by coastal communities in the Sulu archipelago and other parts of Mindanao.
Linguistic Diversity:
It's important to note that Mindanao's linguistic landscape is complex and diverse. Many indigenous communities maintain their native languages, and bilingualism and multilingualism are common.
Language Policy:
The Philippine government recognizes Cebuano, Tagalog, and English as official languages. However, the promotion and preservation of indigenous languages are increasingly recognized as crucial to cultural heritage.